JavaScript version ES6 (ES2015) brought us a couple of useful features for arrays represented by three dots (…), the rest parameter, and the spread operator. And ES2018 introduced the same syntax for objects.

It can be confusing to have one syntax represent two different uses. In this article we will try to clear up the confusion and look into the two ways of using Javascript’s three dots.

In short we could say that:

• spread operator unpacks elements.
• rest parameter packs elements.

DefinitionsLink to this section

• **argument**— An argument is a value passed to a function.
• **parameter** — A Parameter is a variable used in the declaration of a function.
• **iterable**— A collection of something that we can iterate (loop) over. For example array, list, set, and string.

<>Copy
function print(params) {
  params.forEach(param => console.log(param));
}

print(['arg1', 'arg2']);
// -> arg1
// -> arg2

Spread Operator

The spread operator unpacks iterables into individual elements. Let’s look into different scenarios when this is useful.

ArraysLink to this section

The spread operator unpacks an array into separate arguments:

<>Copy
const array = [1, 2, 3];

console.log(…array);
// -> 1 2 3</span>

This comes in handy when a function expects a list of arguments and all you have is an array:

<>Copy
const array = [4, 2, 9, 5];

Math.max(…array); // -> 9</span>

To copy an array we put the spread values into another array:

<>Copy
const arrayA = [1, 2, 3];
const arrayB = [...arrayA];

console.log(arrayB);
// -> [1, 2, 3]

This is a great way of cloning arrays. If we do changes to either of the arrays they will not affect the other.

The spread syntax can also be used to compose several values into one:

<>Copy
const arrayA = [1, 2, 3];
const arrayB = [0, ...arrayA, 4];

console.log(arrayB);
// -> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

This is useful when we want to add elements into an existing array. We can even merge two arrays:

<>Copy
const first = [1, 2];
const other = [3, 4];

const combo = [...first, ...other]; 
// [1, 2, 3, 4]

These operations are not only available for arrays but also other iterables like strings:

<>Copy
const word = 'test';

console.log([...word]);
// -> ["t", "e", "s", "t"]

Objects

The spread operator (…) with objects is used to create copies of existing objects with new or updated values or to make a copy of an object with more properties. Let’s take an example of how to use the spread operator on an object.

Here we are spreading the user object. All key-value pairs are copied into the clonedUser object.

<>Copy
const user = {
  name: 'Max',
  age: 42
};

const clonedUser = { ...user };

The spread syntax is useful for merging the properties and methods on objects into a new object:

<>Copy
const x = { x: 1 };
const y = { y: 2 };

const coord = {...x, ...y};
console.log(coord);
// {x: 1, y: 2}

Note: Spread syntax only does a shallow copy meaning nested arrays or objects will not copy properly. The deeper data is still linked to the original.

Rest Parameter

Where the spread operator unpacks the contents of an iterable into single elements, the rest parameter instead collects all the remaining elements into an array.

In JavaScript, it’s possible to call a function with any number of arguments.
We can use the rest parameter when we don’t know how many arguments will be used or just want to collect some of them into an array.

Let’s try an example where we add together all the values sent into our function:

<>Copy
function sum(...args) {
  let result = 0;

  for (let arg of args) {
    result += arg;
  }

  return result
}

sum(4, 2) // -> 6
sum(3, 4, 5, 6) // -> 18

So, no matter how many numbers we send into the sum function they will be added together.

Let’s do another example:

<>Copy
function family(spouse, …children) {
  console.log(`Spouse: ${spouse}`);
  
  for(const child of children) {
    console.log(`Child: ${child}`);
  }
}

family('Veronica', 'Max', 'Jack');
// -> Spouse: Veronica
// -> Child: Max
// -> Child: Jack

As shown in the above example, the three dots collected all the elements after the spouse into the children array.

We can also use the rest syntax with objects together with destructuring:

<>Copy
const player = {
  name: 'Max Best',
  age: 42,
  game: 'Football'
}

const { name, ...rest } = player;
console.log(name); // -> Max Best
console.log(rest);
// -> {age: 42, game: 'Football'}

Note: Rest parameters have to be the last argument. This is because it collects all remaining arguments into an array.

Conclusion

• Rest Parameter collects all remaining elements into an array.
• Spread Operator expands collected elements such as arrays into single elements.
• The spread syntax only does a shallow copy one level deep.
• Only the last parameter can be a rest parameter.